![]() ![]() This includes bone segments inertial properties (BSIP), skeletal morphologies, and muscles architectures 31. Several aspects of an upper extremity model must be scaled, in order to adapt it to a specific subject. But, they required more individualized parameters that could not be readily obtained. ![]() They provided detailed representations of the elbow kinematics. More complicated elbow models were developed considering a closed-kinematic chain 26, 27, 30. The sophisticated interplay of the ulna and the radius during forearm pronation/supination was studied using MRI imaging 28, 29. In 23, 24, 25, a single body was yet considered to represent two bone segments of the forearm (ulna and radius) neglecting the interplay between ulna and radius 27. Other studies used two non-perpendicular hinge joints 13, 23, 24, 25, 26. But, it was not realistic, given that contrary to cardanic joints, the rotation axes of the elbow are not perpendicular 22. A very simplistic cardanic joint was used to model the two movements of the elbow 21. Its multiple DOF result in two distinguished movements, including extension/flexion and pronation/supination. Given the complex multiple degrees of freedom (DOF) kinematics of the elbow, there is no consensus in the literature concerning its modeling 14, 20. Alternatively, scaling techniques are used that scale a generic model to a specific subject (scaled-generic modeling) 13, 19. Obtaining these data is both time-consuming and expensive 17, 18. It is not yet straightforward to personalize all the anthropometric data used in a model to any subject. Given anthropometric variabilities among subjects, the models face limitations in predicting inter-individual differences 17. Therefore, they are called generic models. On the other hand, a vast majority of these models were developed based on anthropometric data of a single subject. Biceps and triceps were also shown to play a crucial role in the stability of the glenohumeral joint 15, 16. Several studies highlighted the importance of the elbow on the upper extremity kinematics and dynamics, e.g. Therefore, the elbow and the muscle groups spanning the elbow and the shoulder (biceps and triceps) were neglected. Some of the above-mentioned upper extremity models 3, 10 only include an outstretched arm. Otherwise, its clinical applications will be limited. In a musculoskeletal model of the upper extremity any major joints or muscles should not be neglected 11, 12. They provide useful predictions of the joint and muscle forces that cannot be measured non-invasively 11. There exist several musculoskeletal models for the human upper extremity, e.g. The developed Matlab toolbox could be populated with pre/post operative patients of total shoulder arthroplasty to answer clinical questions regarding treatments of glenohumeral joint osteoarthritis. ![]() The results indeed illustrate the effect of anthropometric parameters and provide JRF predictions with less than 13% difference compared to in vivo studies. An arm abduction motion in the scapula plane is simulated while each of the parameters is independently varied. We evaluated effects of anthropometric parameters, including subject’s gender, height, weight, glenoid inclination, and degenerations of rotator cuff muscles on the glenohumeral joint reaction force (JRF) predictions. The model is also presented as a Matlab toolbox with a graphical user interface to exempt its users from further programming. Second, scaling routines are developed that scale model’s bone segment inertial properties, skeletal morphologies, and muscles architectures according to a specific subject. First, the elbow and the muscle groups spanning the elbow are included in the model. To this end, two main improvements are considered. This study is a step toward lifting this barrier for a shoulder musculoskeletal model by enhancing its realism and facilitating its applications. There still remains a barrier ahead of widespread clinical applications of upper extremity musculoskeletal models. ![]()
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